Myocardial infarction (MI) is unusual among young people, but with an upward trend in changing to unhealthy lifestyle, there is growing proportion of patients with MI are aged > 45 years. Premature MI individuals were predominantly males, characterized by smoking, obesity, and dyslipidemia (an essential key contributing to atherosclerosis). Many studies have reported that unemployment has also a negative effect on health. MI in young adults is generally caused by thrombus arising secondary to the rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque in coronary artery. As opposed to lesions associated with plaque rupture, those thatunderlie superficial erosion do not have thin fibrous caps, harbor fewer inflammatory cells, lack large lipid pools. Superficial erosion occurs morecommonly in women and the elderly. Normal coronary arteries in young adults with MI is related to coronary vasospasm, embolus arising from endocardium or heart vessels, platelet aggregation, and other reasons. Heart failure (HF) is a common complication of MI. With timely access to medical care and good adherence to treatment older patients are at greater risk of developing heart failure.

The study objective is to validate a mathematical model for prognosis of progression of the acute period of myocardial infarction.

Materials and methods. We examined 135 patients with acute Q-wave myocardial infarction of the left ventricle aged between 34 and 88 years (mean age 66, standard deviation 12 years), among them 64 women and 71 men. For prognosis of the outcome of the acute period of myocardial infarction we used an approach based on intellectual data analysis (data mining) in combination with mathematical methods based on decision trees.

Results. Using decision tree algorithms, we singled out laboratory parameters (attributes) which were subsequently used as input. Adequacy of classification of these attributes was determined by a contingency table. Accuracy of the obtained calculation results was 95.56 % demonstrating good agreement between the model and observed data. In a decision tree visualization, the most significant 8 laboratory parameters were determined. Significance of NO₂  metabolite was 24.9 %, triglycerides – 16.7 %, urea – 14.8 %, erythrocytes – 11.2 %, alanine aminotransferase – 9.4 %, very low density lipoproteins – 9.4 %, creatinine – 8.5 %, prothrombin index – 5.1 %. In the Rules tab, only rules 4 and 9 can be used with confidence, because their confidence level approaches 100 %, and effect cost for the fact of death was 33.59 % and 32.03 %, respectively.

Conclusion. Using a decision tree algorithm, we determined prognostically significant factors for progression of acute myocardial infarction. The following set of parameters predicts unfavorable outcome (death) with 95.56 % accuracy: NO₂  < level 22.755 mmol/l, triglycerides ≥ 1.565 mmol/l, erythrocytes < 4.91 M/uL, alanine aminotransferase < 1.23 mmol/l, urea < 7.05 mmol/l, very low-density lipoproteins < 0.965 mmol/l, creatinine ≥ 91.55 µmol/l, NO₂ level ≥ 22.755 mmol/l predicts a favorable outcome with 95.56 % accuracy. 

Objective. To evaluate the long-term outcomes and medical treatment in patients during 2.5 years after reference acute myocardial infarction (AMI), to study adherent to medical treatment and the role of various factors affecting the long-term prognosis.

Materials and methods. The AMI Register included data about all patients, whom are consistently hospitalized in the regional vascular center (RVC) of Khabarovsk during the period from 01.01.14 till 31.03.14. The 2.5 years outcomes and adherence to treatment were evaluated by using phone interview.

Results. According to prospective part of the AMI Register of 292 patients discharged from the regional vascular center (RVC), the vital status in 2.5 years managed to be established at 274 (93.8 %) from which died 45 (16.42 %, or 15.40 % from all discharged patients). In structure of a mortality the proportion of dead from cardiovascular disease (СVD) patients made 86.6 %. The long-term mortality of patients with myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation was 19.3 %, the myocardial infarction non-ST-segment elevation – 13.2 %; р = 0.632.

The new predictors of death 2.5 years after the onset of AMI were cerebrovascular diseases, the absence of the antihypertensive drugs and β-blockers before reference AMI, not prescribing antiplatelet drugs in loading doses in the early hours of the disease. Frequency of real reception of statins was 65.1 %, angiotensin-renin blockers –76.0  %, β-blocker – 73.8 % of patients after AMI. Only 55.9 % patients Received double antithrombocytic therapy (DATT)  during a year. By  the Moriscors–Green test adherent were only 109 (47.6 %). 79 (34.5 %) know their values cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose.

Conclusions. Indicators of the remote lethality among patients authentically didn’t differ with a myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation in AMI and a myocardial infarction non-ST-segment elevation in AMI in the remote period. The register AMI taped failure predictors, showed the insufficient frequency of reception of recommended medicinal drugs in secondary prophylaxis after a referent AMI, especially concerning statines and DATT.  The  commitment of patients of long medicamental therapy, and also awareness on indicators of quality of treatment (level of a cholesterin, blood pressure) in real clinical practice according to the register were low.

The study objective to estimate the clinical manifestations of infectious myocarditis in men compared to women in real clinical practice.

Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of medical records from 2011 to 2015 of patients with infectious myocarditis that were hospitalized in the cardiology department No. 1 “Regional Clinical Hospital”. We compared the clinical manifestations of myocarditis in men and women. Statistical data processing was carried out with StatPlus 2009 Professional package.

Results. In group of men with moderate myocarditis heart disruptions was a dominated complaint (75 %) in group of women with a similar degree of severity of the disease this complaint was also a major (71 %). However women were significantly more marked hyperthermia in this subgroup compared with men (57 % in females and 25 % males (p < 0.05)). In the subgroup with severe myocarditis in both sexes equally the most common complaint was disruptions in heart; the dyspnea was significantly more often and harder identified among men compared with women (92 % vs 72 % (p < 0.05)). In the structure of cardiac arrhythmias and heart blocks different variants of extrasystoles were significantly more often in women (64 % vs 39 % (p < 0.05)), the atrial fibrillation was more typical for men (36 % vs 28 % (p > 0.05)). The conduction abnormalities were registered in group of women.

Conclusions. The clinical manifestations of infectious myocarditis in men and women revealed some interesting features. Dyspnea with severe myocarditis in men is registered more often than in women, probably due to the higher rate of smoking among men, as well as the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in our study. At moderate myocarditis in women hyperthermia dominated compared with men. Cardiac arrhythmias in myocarditis occur with equal frequency in both men and women, the most common extrasystoles recorded in group of women, atrial fibrillation in our study was prevalent in men. Conduction abnormalities were harder and more common in women.

Objective: to evaluate the effect of food on the clinical symptoms of duodenal ulcer (DU) and postprandial changes in intragastric acidity.

Materials and methods. 52 patients with uncomplicated and 56 – with a complicated course of DU in the acute stage were examined. The control group consisted of 50 apparently healthy individuals. All of the subjects completed a questionnaire including questions about food preferences and the effect of food on the clinical symptoms of the disease. Also, all patients conducted 24-hour pH-metry. We calculated basic parameters and postprandial gastric acidity in the stomach.

Results. Patients with DU are characterized by night snacks, ignore breakfast, a rare use of the first course, rare use of soup, roughage and fresh fruit, which provoke pain or dyspepsia in patients with DU. The decrease postprandial pH and reducing the time consumtion found in patients with DU, especially pronounced in complicated course of the disease, compared with healthy volunteers.

Conclusions. Frequent meals, night snacks, food avoidance “dry rations” and fresh vegetables, fruits typical for patients with DU. Also characteristic of complicated PUD decrease actions alkalizing food, short and low postprandial rise pH.

The review considers the main characteristics and diagnostic capabilities of current noninvasive and invasive methods of ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring used in diagnosis of cardiac rhythm and conduction disturbances. Strength and weaknesses of different methods of long-term electrocardiogram monitoring are discussed.

The objective is to describe a rare clinical case of Behcet’s disease with right atrium thrombosis and suspicion of a heart tumor.

Materials and methods. Woman,  34 years old, in December of 2015 sought medical help at a local outpatient facility, and then from a gynecologist at the Central Clinical Hospital of Civil Aviation due to painful ulcers in the genital area and fever. Her state was considered a nonherpetic infection, antiviral therapy was administered. Ulcers in the oral cavity and genital area were first diagnosed in August of 2015. In April of 2016, aphthous stomatitis developed. The patient also complained of oral ulcers, fatigue, body temperature increase up to subfebrile values, slight shortness of breath during physical activity, discomfort in the upper part of the stomach. Ultrasound of the abdominal organs and heart had shown a mass resembling a thrombus in the hepatic vein and inferior vena cava which reached the right atrium. The size of the non-mobile mass in the atrium was 38 × 25 mm. The patient was hospitalized in a cardiological department.

The following examinations were performed: standard laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, repeat ultrasound of the abdominal organs and heart, X-ray of the chest, oncocytomarker tests, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  spiral computed tomography (SCT) with contrast of the pelvic and abdominal organs.

Subsequently, due to uncertain diagnosis the patient was consulted at the A.N. Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology.

Results. Ultrasound of the heart and abdominal organs had shown a large mass in the inferior vena cava extending to the right atrium, which lead to a suspicion of a myxoma or thrombosis. After MRI of the heart and abdominal organs, an infectious thrombus in the heart and inferior vena cava was suggested. SCT with contrast of the pelvic and abdominal organs, oncocytomarker tests didn’t show any pathology. The combination of aphtous ulcers of the mouth and genitalia and inferior vena cava thrombosis allowed to suspect the Behcet’s disease. This diagnosis was confirmed at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology. Prescribed immunosuppressive therapy (meripred, azathioprine, colchicine), which is still ongoing, led to a decrease in inflammatory activity (С-reactive protein), reduction of the thrombus in the right atrium and inferior vena cava. Currently, the patient continues to receive the prescribed immunosuppressive therapy. No complaints, feeling healthy, working. The patient remains under the care of physicians.

Conclusion. This clinical case demonstrates diagnostic complications of detection of masses in the heart which can represent a tumor or a thrombus. In the described case, diagnosis of the Behcet’s disease was facilitated by typical aphtous ulcers of the mucosa of the mouth and genitalia and development of vasculitis with subsequent thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and right atrium.

Objective: to describe the clinical case of a rare heart disease – left ventricular non-compaction.

Materials and methods. Patient G., 1948, was hospitalized in connection with complaints of fluctuations in blood pressure, heart failure, discomfort in the heart, dizziness, headaches. The patient underwent the following general examination: general and biochemical blood tests, electrocardiography, Holter ECG monitoring, treadmill test, echocardiography, color duplex scanning of neck vessels, ultrasound of the thyroid and kidneys, chest X-ray.

Results. Based on the history, complaints, clinical picture of the disease, objective and instrumental examination data, a clinical diagnosis was made: left ventricular non-compaction. One of the main diagnostic methods that allowed to verify the diagnosis was echocardiographic study: the structure of the myocardium of the lower-apical section of a two-layered one, with the presence of a noncompact layer (with intertabercular breaks), in relation to the compact as 2:1; a small extension of the left atrium; small hypokinesia in the lower-upper segment of the LV, without a decrease in the LVEF (PV = 73 %).

Conclusion. This clinical case is interesting because the disease, concealed under the guise of rheumacarditis in an era when ultrasonic methods of examining the heart were not available in clinical practice, has now been diagnosed in the conduct of a reference echocardiographic study. Despite the fact that this disease belongs to rare nosology, it can occur in any age group and can often be asymptomatic.

Objective: to describe a clinical case of neurosyphilis diagnosed in a therapeutic inpatient facility.

Materials and methods. Female patient T., 61, was hospitalized in the therapeutic department of a general hospital with referral diagnosis of “Stage II hypertensive heart disease, risk 4. Hypertensive crisis of 03.12.2015” with complaints of general fatigue, episodes of transient memory loss with full recovery, unstable blood pressure level. The patient was examined: She underwent treponemal and nontreponemal serological tests for antibodies against Treponema рallidum, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus; electrocardiogram; angiography of carotid and vertebral arteries; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  of the brain with contrast; serological and microscopic examinations of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Results. The patient»s medical history described episodes of transient global amnesia with full memory recovery, more frequent in the last year; arterial hypertension; chronic urinary tract infection; and chronic cholecystitis with frequent courses of antibacterial therapy (ceftriaxone). Since 1986, a positive serological reaction for syphilis was observed (Wassermann reaction (WR) +++) due to a history of primary syphilis. Considering reliable history of syphilis, positive serum confirmation tests for syphilis (nontreponemal: rapid plasma reagin test 3+; treponemal: passive hemagglutination reaction 4+, antibodies against T. pallidum (total) – present), history of neuropsychological symptoms (transient amnesia) and acute neurological symptoms before hospitalization (transient ischemic attack), brain MRI data (2 lesions of cerebral circulation disorders of ischemic type in the cortical branches of left and right mesencephalic arteries), a diagnosis of neurosyphilis was proposed, and lumbar puncture was performed for confirmation. Inflammatory characteristics of the CSF (cytosis 19/3, neutrophilia up to 12 cells, insignificant lymphocytosis up to 7 cells) and positive confirmation serological reactions (nontreponemal test: serum microprecipitation reaction negative, treponemal test: immunoassay: total antibodies – positivity coefficient (PC) 4.3; immunoglobulin  G – PC 2.8) were indications for standard therapy for the “neurosyphilis” diagnosis with subsequent serological control of the CSF and serum.

Conclusion. The clinical case demonstrates complexity of neurosyphilis diagnosis due to a lack of pronounced clinical manifestations of the disease and advisability of a multidisciplinary approach to treatment of these patients.

Objective. Case report of a rare form of multiple sclerosis, Balo’s concentric sclerosis (BCS).

Materials and methods. 66 year old female patient L., admitted with complaints of gait disorder with tendency to fall towards the left side, left upper limb weakness and decreased memory. Neurological examination revealed left sided hemiparesis, and left sided positive Romberg’s test. Contrast brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Treatment was prescribed as well as dynamic follow up during the course of 1.5 years.

Results. Based on complaints, clinical picture and MRI result, patient was diagnosed with an atypical form of multiple sclerosis, Balo’s concentric sclerosis. The main diagnostic method used confirm the diagnosis was contrast brain MRI: Non homogenous circular-form space occupying lesion with dimensions 3.7 × 3.4 × 3.5 cm was visualized in the supraventricular area of right parietal lobe with increased and decreased signals on T2 and T1 weighted images respectively. Following intravenous administration of contrast substance, an increased T1-WI signal is observed along the periphery of the described lesion in the right parietal lobe. MRI conclusion: brain demyelination disease with large foci in the right post-frontal lobe region, typical of Balo’s concentric sclerosis. Following the acute clinical state, cytostatic and immunomodulation therapy was prescribed. MRI dynamic observation revealed decrease in dimensions of the significantly enhanced concentric areas. Follow up demonstrated marked remission.

Conclusion. This clinical case is of interest due to the rarity of this disease. The basis of diagnosis in our study was MRI investigation which allows for in vivo diagnosis of this pathology. These observations confirm the fact that timely use of modern methods of treatment can achieve not only stabilization of the patients’ state, but also positive clinical and MRI dynamics.

Objective: to demonstrate the role of high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of early-stage Parkinson’s disease on a clinical case.

Materials and methods. Patient S., 1962 (53 years), referred to the Neurological Center of Epileptology, Neurogenetic and Brain Research of University Clinic of the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetskiy with of the early stages of Parkinson’s disease. The patient received the recommendation of a neurologist was not performed in connection with the doubts about the correctness of his diagnosis of the disease (diagnosed clinically). To confirm the diagnosis, the patient is recommended to carry out high field MRI of the brain according to the Protocol of neurodegenerative diseases, including images, weighted by magnetic susceptibility (SWI)  and magnetic resonance spectroscopy at the level of subcortical ganglia of the cerebral hemispheres and substantia nigra of the brain stem.

Results. On brain MRI in SWI  mode revealed structural changes of the substantia nigra (absence of Nigrosome-1 on both sides) – early signs of MRI-negative cases of Parkinson’s disease.

Conclusion. In this clinical example illustrates the role of high field MRI in the diagnosis of early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Should remain wary of doctors of primary health care (district internists, family practitioners, neurologists) regarding the debut of Parkinson’s disease even in patients younger than 50 years. 

The objective is to describe a clinical case of dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) with compulsive intake of large doses of levodopa in a patient with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

Materials and methods. Male patient R., born in 1956, has had PD since 2004 when he noticed changes in his handwriting, difficulties to perform small movements with the right hand. Therapy with levodopa/benserazide was started at 300 mg/day.  With time symptoms of the disease escalated: gait impairment and motor fluctuations started. Action duration after administration of levodopa/benserazide sin gle dose shortened to 2 hours, peak dose dyskinesia developed, as well as instability with frequent falls. In 2012, clinical picture of the disease included symptoms of DDS. The patient independently increased the drug dose, decreased time between doses, didn’t follow the doctor’s recommendations. Relatives noticed a state of euphoria in the patient after taking a dose of levodopa/benserazide. At the time of visiting the Department of Neurology of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education in the beginning of 2016, the daily equivalent levodopa dose was 2000 mg, and 800 mg of it were taken at night.

Results. The patient was transferred to a three-component modern levodopa drug Stalevo (levodopa + carbidopa + entacapone) 150 mg + levodopa/benserazide 50 mg 6 times a day (daily dose 1200 mg). Decreased levodopa daily dose achieved by transferring the patient to a three-component drug with better bioavailability lead to significant reduction of motor and non-motor symptoms, significant increase in effect duration after a single dose of levodopa. In a year of follow-up, DDS symptoms gradually regressed, time between drug administration increased, the patient stopped taking the drug at night, fluctuations and drug-induced dyskinesias significantly decreased.

Conclusion. In this clinical case, manifestations of DDS caused by long-term compulsive levodopa intake at doses significantly exceeding daily dose (necessary for control of motor symptoms) are described. One of the approaches to reduction of high doses of levodopa and control of motor fluctuations is prescription of Stalevo which stabilizes levodopa level in plasma and provides a more continuous stimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum.

The study objective is to conduct a pharmacoeconomic analysis of naftidrofuryl effectiveness in patients with ischemic stroke.

Materials and methods. The work is based on the results of clinical studies of effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of naftidrofuryl in patients who suffered an ischemic stroke. The study design included data on 1000 patients of 45 and older with first-time acute cerebrovascular disease of ischemic type.

Results. Direct medical costs for the chosen patient cohort per the Standard of stroke treatment current at the time of the study were 730 575 189 rubles, in case of naftidrofuryl inclusion they were 476 467 620 rubles. Cost minimization is 254 107 569 rubles. Indirect nonmedical costs associated with temporary incapacity for work for treatment per the Standard of stroke treatment were 124 156 950 rubles, and 64 559 180 rubles for naftidrofuryl use which demonstrates the drug’s economic benefit. Budget impact analysis has shown that the possible savings constitute 7.59 %.

Conclusion. Inclusion of naftidrofuryl into treatment of patients with ischemic stroke is justified as it decreases duration of rehabilitation. This leads to a positive economic effect expressed as decreased direct and non-direct medical costs.