Vol 13, No 1-2 (2019)

Currently management of patients with rheumatic disorders (RD) involves not only application of all of the known spectrum of mediations in accordance with current guidelines and algorithms but also timely use of high-tech medical care, for example, endoprosthesis of the large joints, spinal surgery, dental care, endovascular surgery, aimed at decreasing the level of disability and improving patients’ quality of life. The article considers modern approaches to management of patients with RD in the perioperative period, special emphasis is given to administration of background anti-inflammatory and genetically engineered biological medications, as well as prevention of thrombosis of the deep veins and thromboembolic complications. In the postoperative period, use of pharmacological control of development of “painful endoprosthesis” is vital as it is the main cause of unsatisfaction with the outcome of orthopedic aid. An effective method for controlling pain syndrome in patients with RD is use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Selection of a specific NSAID should be based on the knowledge of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects, as well as evidence of effectiveness in the perioperative period. In the group of patients with RD, namely with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, prevention of heterotopic ossification after orthopedic manipulations, endoprosthesis is very important. Considering high comorbidity in RD, it is necessary to determine perioperative risk taking into account patient’s condition and operative urgency: to evaluate clinical features of the main and concomitant disorder (ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular pathology, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease), type of the surgery, results of electrocardiogram at rest, lab tests, and other noninvasive procedures. Correct planning of management of the perioperative period in patients with RD, adequate pain relief prior to surgery and after it, early activization are the main elements of rehabilitation of patients with pathologies of the locomotor apparatus.

The aim to evaluate medical appointments, as well as awareness, adherence and attitude of patients to medical treatment of obesity based on the results of a survey of patients with a prospective outpatient registry.

Materials and methods. Total 305 patients with obesity in the outpatient “PROFILE” register were surveyed, including self-assessment questions regarding their own body weight, prescription of obesity treatment by doctors, patients’ adherence to the implementation of these recommendations, propensity to self-medication and information about personal financial costs for the treatment of this disease. 42 (12 %) patients refused to participate in the survey. 213 people (69.8 %) who answered the questionnaire were diagnosed with obesity of the 1st degree, 63 (20.7 %) – obesity of the 2nd degree; obesity grade 3 was detected in 29 people (9.5 %). Waist circumference in women averaged 104.7 ± 12.9 cm, in men – 116.7 ± 9.6 cm – all patients had abdominal obesity. 263 (86.2 %) people had arterial hypertension, 117 (38.4 %) patients had coronary heart disease; type 2 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in every fourth patient (85 (27.2 %) people); atrial fibrillation was diagnosed in 55 (18 %) patients; 48 (15.7 %) people had a history of myocardial infarction, 23 (7.5 %) patients had a stroke.

Results. According to the survey results, only one in four patients – 77 (25.2 %) – out of 305 patients who participated in the survey knew about the possibility of drug treatment of obesity. Mostly, patients received recommendations for non-drug treatment of obesity: 242 patients (79.3 %) were recommended to reduce caloric intake, 194 (63.6 %) – increased physical activity. Only 37 (12.1 %) patients with obesity were recommended for weight correction, significantly more often they were recommended and taken by patients with 2 and 3 degrees of obesity compared to patients with obesity of 1 degree (p <0.0001). At the time of the survey, none of the patients were taking drugs to treat obesity. Previous experience of drug weight loss had 42 (13.8 %) participants of the survey. Most patients (more than 70 %), in principle, are not ready to spend money on the fight against overweight, and drugs are considered an extra item of expenditure almost 90 % of obese patients. There is a significant relationship (p = 0.008) between the severity of the disease and patients’ spending on obesity treatment in the range of 1–5 thousand rubles per month: the higher the degree of obesity, the more patients agree to spend this amount on the treatment of the disease.

Conclusion. According to the results of the survey, medical treatment of obesity is prescribed by doctors rarely. Apparently, this is due to the extremely low awareness of patients about the possibilities of drug therapy in the treatment of overweight and obesity, the popularity of biologically active additives independently used by patients to reduce weight.

Objective: evaluation of the effectiveness of selection for coronary angiography of women who have applied to a cardiologist for thoracalgia and dorsalgia and regarded primarily as having a clinic of stable angina.

Materials and methods. 108 women (median age 59.5) applying to cardiologist due to chest pain were included in a cross-sectional study and underwent coronary angiography. Subjects with identified clinically significant atherosclerotic coronary lesions were compared to persons with intact coronary arteries.

Results. One-, two- and three-vessel lesions were diagnosed in accordingly 16; 21 and 26 % of patients. Intact coronary arteries were detected in 37 % subjects. In 17 of 40 persons with intact structure of the coronary arteries spasm of the coronary arteries was diagnosed. Odds ratio for atherosclerotic coronary arteries lesions in type 2 diabetic persons were 7.91 (1.74–36.00), for hypertension odds ratio 4.79 (1.52–15.01). Severe angina (3 and 4 functional class) was significantly more often diagnosed in women with identified coronary atherosclerosis. Severe coronary atherosclerosis was associated with absence of negative or doubtful results, whereas intact coronary vessels, negative and questionable results revealed more than half of the women. The obtained data reflect the relevance of the development of more effective algorithms for diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women, since the gender peculiarities of the formation of coronary atherosclerosis have been clearly confirmed in a number of large studies.

Conclusion. Medical history, physical load tests results, and subject’s emotional status should be evaluated to assess the feasibility of coronary angiography.

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Over the past few decades, life expectancy has increased, which has led to an aging population in developed countries, so the average age of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has steadily increased in recent decades. The inclusion of elderly and senile patients in randomized clinical trials does not reflect the age-related association of these diseases. However, antithrombotic therapy and interventional treatment are the basis of treatment in patients with ACS of any age, including the elderly. For older patients, there may be a mismatch between chronological and biological age. The question of how close the treatment of elderly patients with ACS is to the level of current recommendations and whether it is possible to apply them unconditionally in this group of patients does not have a definite answer. Current recommendations and the underlying randomized clinical trials are focused on any one disease, whereas in the elderly in most cases multimorbid pathology occurs. In general, elderly patients with ACS should be treated using the same methods as younger patients, however, the presence of comorbid diseases in an elderly patient naturally increases the risk of complications, makes the patient’s prognosis heavier, significantly affects treatment tactics, limits the possibility of using conventional approaches when choosing a drug therapy.

The article presents current data on the prevalence and etiology of community-acquired pneumonia, shows the contribution of each of the possible pathogens to the structure of the disease. The diagnostic criteria for pneumonia are given. The main algorithms for assessing the severity of pneumonia and the prognosis of the disease using different scales: CURB-65 / CRB-65, PORT (PSI), are described. The purpose of the test is to determine the place of treatment: outpatient or in the in-patient department, in the general department or in the intensive care unit. The criteria for IDSA / ATS (American Thoracic Society / American Society of Infectious Diseases), as well as the SMART-COP / SMRCO scale to determine the need for hospitalized patients in the intensive care unit, are reviewed. The Aliberti and PES scales are given, assessing the risk of the presence of resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Modern recommendations on the empirical choice of antibacterial drugs depending on individual patient factors are presented: anamnestic indications for treatment with antimicrobials during the preceding three months, hospitalization within six months before the onset of pneumonia, the presence of comorbidities, the severity of the disease, the risk of resistant pathogens. The average therapeutic doses of antibacterial drugs for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with normal renal function are indicated. The questions of the optimal duration of treatment of pneumonia depending on the etiology are considered, the criteria of sufficiency of antibacterial therapy are presented. The reasons for the possible ineffectiveness of the empirical antibiotic therapy of community-acquired pneumonia are described. The importance of identifying a particular form of community-acquired pneumonia – severe community-acquired pneumonia is emphasized. Described drugs for the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia. The issues of prevention of pneumonia were discussed, its importance in the strategy of reducing mortality according to the World Health Organization was emphasized.

Objective: to describe a rare case of infective endocarditis (IE) with isolated localization in the pulmonary valve (PV).

Materials and methods. We observed primary IE with isolated localization in the PV in a 27-year-old female patient without risk factors of right-side IE.

Results. The disease was caused by Streptococcus gordonii and proceeded acutely with typical signs of right-side IE: fever above 38 °С, chills, clinical picture of bilateral septic embolic abscess pneumonia, as well as secondary anemia, secondary thrombocytopenia, and glomerulonephritis. Echocardiography showed large vegetations in the PV prolapsing in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Conclusion. IE with localization in the PV should be suspected in patients with fever and clinical picture of septic embolic pneumonia in absence of other embolic situations.

Objective. To describe the difficulties of diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia in a patient with atypical clinical picture.

Materials and methods. Patient K., 57 years old, came in outpatient department with complaints of unilateral increase in submandibular lymph nodes on the right, discomfort in the nasopharynx, cough without sputum, increased fatigue. During the examination she was consulted by: an infectious disease specialist, otolaryngologist, surgeon, dentist, phthisiologist, hematologist and oncologist consulted her. To confirm the diagnosis conducted diagnostic activities: dynamic assessment of laboratory parameters, examination program cancer search (including multislice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of various areas), with the exception of tuberculosis, monogenically study proteins in the blood and urine tests, biopsy of the ileum, immunohistochemistry trepanobiopsy.

Results. During the 4‑year examination in the patient’s blood, an M-gradient in the gamma zone was detected, monoclonal immunoglobulin М-κ 19.3 g / l, Bens-Jones-κ protein in urine (daily proteinuria 0.45 g) was detected during immunofixation. In the myelogram at the light-optical level, the number of cell elements was significantly reduced with a pronounced lymphoid proliferation of 40 %, the granulocytic series and erythropoiesis were relatively narrowed, and plasma cells 6 %. Immunomorphological picture trepanobiopsy our patient based on the data of laboratory methods of research corresponds to the defeat of the bone marrow in Waldenström’s disease-κ, secretion of M-paraprotein. An important feature that allowed to go on the right path of diagnosis was almost pathognomonic for tumor lymphoproliferation, detection of Bens-Jones protein in the urine, which was absent in the onset of the disease.

Conclusion. This clinical case is interesting not only by the complexity of the diagnosis of macroglobulinemia of Waldenström in General, but also by the atypical, erased clinical disease in our patient.