mitral annular calcificationatherosclerosiscardiovascular diseases risk factorsкальциноз кольца митрального клапанаатеросклерозфакторы риска развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний1.1. Movahed M., Saito Y., Ahmadi-Kashani M., Ebrahimi R. Mitral annulus calcification is associated with valvular and cardiac structural abnormalities. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007;5:14.Movahed M., Saito Y., Ahmadi-Kashani M., Ebrahimi R. Mitral annulus calcification is associated with valvular and cardiac structural abnormalities. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007;5:14.2.2. Fox C.S., Parise H., Vasan R.S., et al. Mitral annular calcification is a predictor for incident atrial fibrillation. Atherosclerosis 2004;173:291–4.Fox C.S., Parise H., Vasan R.S., et al. Mitral annular calcification is a predictor for incident atrial fibrillation. Atherosclerosis 2004;173:291–4.3.3. Kanjanauthai S., Nasir K., Katz R., et al. Relationship of mitral annular calcification to cardiovascular risk factors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2010;213(2):558–62.Kanjanauthai S., Nasir K., Katz R., et al. Relationship of mitral annular calcification to cardiovascular risk factors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2010;213(2):558–62.4.4. Atar S., Jeon D.S., Luo H., Siegel R.J. Mitral annular calcification: a marker of severe coronary artery disease in patients under 65 years old. Heart 2003;89:161–4.Atar S., Jeon D.S., Luo H., Siegel R.J. Mitral annular calcification: a marker of severe coronary artery disease in patients under 65 years old. Heart 2003;89:161–4.5.5. Горохова С.Г., Аракелянц А.А. Кальциноз клапанов сердца – случайная находка или серьезный диагноз. Терапевтический архив 2005;77(4):87–90.Горохова С.Г., Аракелянц А.А. Кальциноз клапанов сердца – случайная находка или серьезный диагноз. Терапевтический архив 2005;77(4):87–90.6.6. Pomerance A. Pathological and clinical study of calcification of the mitral valve ring. J Clin Pathol 1970;23:354–61.Pomerance A. Pathological and clinical study of calcification of the mitral valve ring. J Clin Pathol 1970;23:354–61.7.7. Aronow W.S. Mitral annular calcification: significant and worth acting upon. Geriatrics 1991;46:73–86.Aronow W.S. Mitral annular calcification: significant and worth acting upon. Geriatrics 1991;46:73–86.8.8. Koster N.K., Reddy Y.M., Schima S.M., Almeida N.J. Gender-specific echocardiographic findings in nonagenarians with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2010;105(2):273–6.Koster N.K., Reddy Y.M., Schima S.M., Almeida N.J. Gender-specific echocardiographic findings in nonagenarians with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2010;105(2):273–6.9.9. Sugiura M., Uchiyama S., Kuwako K., et al. A clinicopathological study on mitral ring calcification. Jpn Heart J 1977;18:154–63.Sugiura M., Uchiyama S., Kuwako K., et al. A clinicopathological study on mitral ring calcification. Jpn Heart J 1977;18:154–63.10.10. Zhang Y., Safar M.E., Iaria P., et al. Cardiac and arterial calcifications and all-cause mortality in the elderly: the PROTEGER Study. Atherosclerosis 2010;213(2):622–6.Zhang Y., Safar M.E., Iaria P., et al. Cardiac and arterial calcifications and all-cause mortality in the elderly: the PROTEGER Study. Atherosclerosis 2010;213(2):622–6.11.11. Seo K.W., Kim E.Y., Kim J.E., et al. The Impact of mitral annular calcification on left ventricular function in nonagenarians. Korean Circ J 2010;40(6):260–5.Seo K.W., Kim E.Y., Kim J.E., et al. The Impact of mitral annular calcification on left ventricular function in nonagenarians. Korean Circ J 2010;40(6):260–5.12.12. Балябин А.А. Нарушения атриовентрикулярной проводимости при кальцинозе кольца митрального клапана. Труды института ЛенГИДУВ им. С.М. Кирова 1986:38–41.Балябин А.А. Нарушения атриовентрикулярной проводимости при кальцинозе кольца митрального клапана. Труды института ЛенГИДУВ им. С.М. Кирова 1986:38–41.13.13. Benjamin E.J., Plehn J.F., D’Agostino R.B., et al. Mitral annular calcification and the risk of stroke in an elderly cohort. N Engl J Med 1992;327:374–9.Benjamin E.J., Plehn J.F., D’Agostino R.B., et al. Mitral annular calcification and the risk of stroke in an elderly cohort. N Engl J Med 1992;327:374–9.14.14. de Bono D.P., Warlow C.P. Mitralannulus calcification and cerebral or retinal ischemia. Lancet 1979;2:383–5.de Bono D.P., Warlow C.P. Mitralannulus calcification and cerebral or retinal ischemia. Lancet 1979;2:383–5.15.15. Furlan A.J., Craciun A.R., Salcedo E.E., Mellino M. Risk of stroke in patients with mitral annulus calcification. Stroke 1984;15:801–3.Furlan A.J., Craciun A.R., Salcedo E.E., Mellino M. Risk of stroke in patients with mitral annulus calcification. Stroke 1984;15:801–3.16.16. Nair C.K., Sudhakaran C., Aronow W.S., et al. Clinical characteristics of patients younger than 60 years with mitral annular calcium: comparison with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Am J Cardiol 1984;54(10):1286–7.Nair C.K., Sudhakaran C., Aronow W.S., et al. Clinical characteristics of patients younger than 60 years with mitral annular calcium: comparison with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Am J Cardiol 1984;54(10):1286–7.17.17. Fox C.S., Vasan R.S., Parise H., et al. Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003;107:1492–6.Fox C.S., Vasan R.S., Parise H., et al. Mitral annular calcification predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003;107:1492–6.18.18. Kohsaka S., Jin Z., Rundek T., et al. Impact of mitral annular calcification on cardiovascular events in a multiethnic community. The Northern Manhattern Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1(5):617–23.Kohsaka S., Jin Z., Rundek T., et al. Impact of mitral annular calcification on cardiovascular events in a multiethnic community. The Northern Manhattern Study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1(5):617–23.19.19. Kizer J.R., Wiebers D.O., Whisnant J.P., et al. Mitral annular calcification, Aortic valve sclerosis and incident stroke in adults free of clinical cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:631–3.Kizer J.R., Wiebers D.O., Whisnant J.P., et al. Mitral annular calcification, Aortic valve sclerosis and incident stroke in adults free of clinical cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:631–3.20.20. Adler Y., Levinger U., Koren A., et al. Association between mitral annulus calcification and peripheral arterial atherosclerotic disease. Angiology 2000;51(8):639–46.Adler Y., Levinger U., Koren A., et al. Association between mitral annulus calcification and peripheral arterial atherosclerotic disease. Angiology 2000;51(8):639–46.21.21. Allison M.A., Cheung P., Criqui M.H., et al. Mitral and aortic annular calcification are highly associated with systemic calcified atherosclerosis. Circulation 2006;113(6):861–6.Allison M.A., Cheung P., Criqui M.H., et al. Mitral and aortic annular calcification are highly associated with systemic calcified atherosclerosis. Circulation 2006;113(6):861–6.22.22. Rennenberg R., Kessels A., Schurgers L., et al. Vascular calcifications as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009;5:185–97.Rennenberg R., Kessels A., Schurgers L., et al. Vascular calcifications as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2009;5:185–97.23.23. Wilson P.W., D’Agostino R.B., Levy D., et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97:1837–47.Wilson P.W., D’Agostino R.B., Levy D., et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 1998;97:1837–47.24.24. Ridker P.M., Paynter N.P., Rifai N, et al. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008;118:2243–51.Ridker P.M., Paynter N.P., Rifai N, et al. C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008;118:2243–51.25.25. Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C., Vinogradova Y., et al. Performance of the QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm in an independent UK sample of patients from general practice: a validationHippisley-Cox J., Coupland C., Vinogradova Y., et al. Performance of the QRISK cardiovascular risk prediction algorithm in an independent UK sample of patients from general practice: a validation26.study. Heart 2008;94:34–9.27.26. Conroy R.M., Pyorala K., Fitzgerald A.P., et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987–1003.Conroy R.M., Pyorala K., Fitzgerald A.P., et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987–1003.28.27. Graham I., Atar D., Borch-Johnsen K., et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2375–414.Graham I., Atar D., Borch-Johnsen K., et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2375–414.29.28. Vasan R.S., Sullivan L.M., Wilson P.W., et al. Relative importance of borderline and elevated levels of coronary heart disease risk factors. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:393–402.Vasan R.S., Sullivan L.M., Wilson P.W., et al. Relative importance of borderline and elevated levels of coronary heart disease risk factors. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:393–402.30.29. Adler Y., Fink N., Spector D., et al. Mitral annulus calcification – a window to diffuse atherosclerosis of the vascular system. Atherosclerosis 2001;155(1):1–8.Adler Y., Fink N., Spector D., et al. Mitral annulus calcification – a window to diffuse atherosclerosis of the vascular system. Atherosclerosis 2001;155(1):1–8.31.30. Волков М.М., Дегтерева О.А., Смирнов А.В. и др. Атеросклероз как основной фактор кальциноза клапанного аппарата сердца в додиализном периоде хронической болезни почек. НефрологияВолков М.М., Дегтерева О.А., Смирнов А.В. и др. Атеросклероз как основной фактор кальциноза клапанного аппарата сердца в додиализном периоде хронической болезни почек. Нефрология32.2007;(4):47–54.;(4):47–54.33.31. Asselbergs F.W., Mozaffarian D., Katz R., et al. Association of renal function with cardiac calcifications in older adults: the cardiovascular health study Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(3):834–40.Asselbergs F.W., Mozaffarian D., Katz R., et al. Association of renal function with cardiac calcifications in older adults: the cardiovascular health study Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(3):834–40.34.32. Boon A, Cheriex E, Lodder J, Kessels F. Cardiac valve calcification: characteristics of patients with calcification of the mitral annulus or aortic valve. Heart 1997;78:472–4.Boon A, Cheriex E, Lodder J, Kessels F. Cardiac valve calcification: characteristics of patients with calcification of the mitral annulus or aortic valve. Heart 1997;78:472–4.35.33. Bischof T., Schneider J. Degenerative calcification of mitral and aortic valves (in German). Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1992;81(19):626–31.Bischof T., Schneider J. Degenerative calcification of mitral and aortic valves (in German). Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1992;81(19):626–31.36.34. Arounlangsy P., Sawabe M., Izumiyama N., Koike M. Histopathogenesis of earlystage mitral annular calcification. J Med Dent Sci 2004;51:35–44.Arounlangsy P., Sawabe M., Izumiyama N., Koike M. Histopathogenesis of earlystage mitral annular calcification. J Med Dent Sci 2004;51:35–44.37.35. Asselbergs F.W., Mozaffarian D., Katz R., et al. Association of renal function with cardiac calcifications in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(3):834–40.Asselbergs F.W., Mozaffarian D., Katz R., et al. Association of renal function with cardiac calcifications in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(3):834–40.38.36. Chu H., Chen J., Guo R. The association between cardiac calcification and coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol 2009;64(4):531–5.Chu H., Chen J., Guo R. The association between cardiac calcification and coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol 2009;64(4):531–5.39.37. Fulkerson P.K., Beaver B.M., Auseon J.C., Graber H.L. Calcification of the mitral annulus: etiology, clinical associations and therapy. Am J Med 1979; 66(6):967–77.Fulkerson P.K., Beaver B.M., Auseon J.C., Graber H.L. Calcification of the mitral annulus: etiology, clinical associations and therapy. Am J Med 1979; 66(6):967–77.40.38. Thanassoulis G., Massaro J.M., Cury R., et al. Associations of long-term and early adult atheroscltrosis risk factors with aortic and mitral valve calcium. J Am Coll Cardio 2010;55(22):2491–8.Thanassoulis G., Massaro J.M., Cury R., et al. Associations of long-term and early adult atheroscltrosis risk factors with aortic and mitral valve calcium. J Am Coll Cardio 2010;55(22):2491–8.41.39. Fox C.S., Guo C.Y., Larson M.G., et al. Relations of inflammation and novel risk factors to valvular calcification. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(10):1502–5.Fox C.S., Guo C.Y., Larson M.G., et al. Relations of inflammation and novel risk factors to valvular calcification. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(10):1502–5.42.40. Aronow W.S., Schwartz K.S., Koenigsberg M. Correlation of serum lipids, calcium and phosphorus, diabetes mellitus, aortic valve stenosis and history of systemic hypertension with presence or absence of mitral anular calcium in persons older than 62 years in a long-term health care facility.Aronow W.S., Schwartz K.S., Koenigsberg M. Correlation of serum lipids, calcium and phosphorus, diabetes mellitus, aortic valve stenosis and history of systemic hypertension with presence or absence of mitral anular calcium in persons older than 62 years in a long-term health care facility.43.Am J Cardiol 1987;59:381–2.44.41. Burke A.P., Kolodgie F.D., Virmani R. Fetuin-A, valve calcification, and diabetes: what do we understand? Circulation 2007;115(19):2464–7.Burke A.P., Kolodgie F.D., Virmani R. Fetuin-A, valve calcification, and diabetes: what do we understand? Circulation 2007;115(19):2464–7.45.42. Ix J.H., Chertow G.M., Shlipak M.G., et al. Association of fetuin-A with mitral annular calcification and aortic stenosis among persons with coronary heart disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study.Ix J.H., Chertow G.M., Shlipak M.G., et al. Association of fetuin-A with mitral annular calcification and aortic stenosis among persons with coronary heart disease: data from the Heart and Soul Study.46.Circulation 2007;115(19):2533–9.47.43. Adler Y., Koren A, Fink N., et al. Association between mitral annulus calcification and carotid atherosclerotic disease. Stroke 1998;29:1833–7.Adler Y., Koren A, Fink N., et al. Association between mitral annulus calcification and carotid atherosclerotic disease. Stroke 1998;29:1833–7.48.44. Kannam H., Aronow W.S., Chilappa K., et al. Comparison of prevalence of > 70 % diameter narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries in patients with versus without mitral annular calcium andKannam H., Aronow W.S., Chilappa K., et al. Comparison of prevalence of > 70 % diameter narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries in patients with versus without mitral annular calcium and49.clinically suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2008;101(4):467–70.50.45. Utsunomiya H., Yamamoto H., Kunita E., et al. Combined presence of aortic valve calcification and mitral annular calcification as a marker of the extent and vulnerable characteristics of coronaryUtsunomiya H., Yamamoto H., Kunita E., et al. Combined presence of aortic valve calcification and mitral annular calcification as a marker of the extent and vulnerable characteristics of coronary51.artery plaque assessed by 64-multidetector computed tomography. Atherosclerosis 2010;213(1):166–72.52.46. Pressman G.S., Crudu V., Parameswaran-Chandrika A. Can total cardiac calcium predict the coronary calcium score? Int J Cardiol 2011; 146(2):202–6.Pressman G.S., Crudu V., Parameswaran-Chandrika A. Can total cardiac calcium predict the coronary calcium score? Int J Cardiol 2011; 146(2):202–6.