<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">The Clinician</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Clinician</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиницист</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8338</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-8775</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">591</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8338-2024-18-1-K708</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CASE REPORT</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОПИСАНИЕ СЛУЧАЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Lemierre’s syndrome as a rare cause of septic pulmonary embolism (case report)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Синдром Лемьера как редкая причина септической эмбологенной пневмонии (клинический случай)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-0437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chipigina</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чипигина</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Natalia Semyonovna Chipigina </bold></p><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic></p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Наталия Семеновна Чипигина </bold></p><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</italic></p></bio><email>chipigina-natalia56@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-4841</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpova</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпова</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-3438</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinokurov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винокуров</surname><given-names>A. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997; 4 Shkuleva St., Moscow 109263; 8 Sosenskiy stan St., Kommunarka, 108814 Moscow</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1109263 Москва, ул. Шкулева, 4108814 Москва, п. Коммунарка, ул. Сосенский стан, 8</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1071-0877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotova</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котова</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic><italic>; 8 Leninskiy Avenue, Moscow 119049</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1; 119049 Москва, Ленинский просп., 8</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-7717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gasparyan</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаспарян</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0856-9504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashkovskaya</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кашковская</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2628-2440</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makaev</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаев</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8151-8023</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sapko</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сапко</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>1 Ostrovityanova St., Moscow 117997</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.P. Demikhov City Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Городская клиническая больница им. В.П. Демихова Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Multidisciplinary Clinical Center “Kommunarka”, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Московский многопрофильный клинический центр «Коммунарка» Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow Healthcare Department</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Городская клиническая больница № 1 им. Н.И. Пирогова Департамента здравоохранения г. Москвы»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Chipigina N.S., Karpova N.Y., Vinokurov A.S., Kotova D.P., Gasparyan A.A., Kashkovskaya P.A., Makaev A.G., Sapko M.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Чипигина Н.С., Карпова Н.Ю., Винокуров A.С., Котова Д.П., Гаспарян А.А., Кашковская П.А., Макаев А.Г., Сапко М.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chipigina N.S., Karpova N.Y., Vinokurov A.S., Kotova D.P., Gasparyan A.A., Kashkovskaya P.A., Makaev A.G., Sapko M.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чипигина Н.С., Карпова Н.Ю., Винокуров A.С., Котова Д.П., Гаспарян А.А., Кашковская П.А., Макаев А.Г., Сапко М.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/591">https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/591</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objectives.</bold><bold> </bold>The purpose of this work is to provide a clinical case study of Lemierre’s syndrome (LS) in order to raise awareness amongst doctors of various medical specialties regarding this rare cause of septic pulmonary embolism (SPE).</p><p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The patient in clinical case is a 25-year-old female who was hospitalized due to SPE, which had been complicated by respiratory distress, pneumothorax and septic shock. The initial source of embolus lung damage was the septic thrombosis of both the internal and external jugular veins. This thrombosis occurred against the backdrop of a carbuncle of the lower lip, an inflammatory infiltrate at the bottom of the mouth, an abscess in the soft tissue of the chin and neck cellulitis, which correspond to the diagnostic criteria for Lemierre Syndrome.</p><p><bold>Results. </bold>The literature data of the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenic mechanisms of the venous thrombosis, embolic and septic complications among patients with LS are presented. The article discusses the clinical features and course of the disease, as well as key aspects of diagnosis, including current diagnostic criteria, with regard to the typical and atypical variants of LS. The principles of antibiotic therapy and the possibility of anticoagulation therapy in cases of septic pulmonary emboli associated with head and neck vein thrombosis are also considered.</p><p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>LS is a rare, but clinically significant condition characterized by the development of septic thrombosis in the internal jugular vein in response to acute suppurative inflammation of the head and neck. In typical cases, the causative organism is <italic>Fusobacterium</italic><italic> </italic><italic>necrophorum</italic>, or other anaerobic bacteria. This pathological condition is often accompanied by multiple other septic complications, with the most significant being the development of septic pulmonary embolism. Clinical observation indicates the necessity for including LS in the differential diagnosis among causes of the septic pulmonary embolism, and for adopting a multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of these patients in a specialized multifield hospital. Identification and diagnosis of Lemierre Syndrome can be challenging due to its low incidence and variable clinical presentation. Although the condition is not widely recognized among physicians, an understanding of the basic principles of its diagnosis and management can significantly improve treatment outcomes and patients prognosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель работы </bold>– представление клинического случая синдрома Лемьера (СЛ) для повышения осведомленности врачей различных специальностей об этой редкой причине септической эмбологенной пневмонии (СЭп).</p><p><bold>Материалы</bold><bold> </bold><bold>и методы. </bold>Клиническое наблюдение пациентки 25 лет, госпитализированной в связи с СЭп, которая осложнилась дыхательной недостаточностью, пневмотораксом, септическим шоком. первичным источником эмбологенного поражения легких у пациентки был септический тромбоз внутренней и наружной яремных вен, который возник на фоне карбункула нижней губы, воспалительного инфильтрата дна полости рта, абсцесса мягких тканей подбородка, целлюлита шеи, что в комплексе соответствует признакам СЛ.</p><p><bold>Резуль</bold><bold>та</bold><bold>ты.</bold><bold> </bold>представлены данные литературы об эпидемиологии, этиологии, патогенетических механизмах венозного тромбоза, эмбологенных и септических осложнений при СЛ. Обсуждаются клиническая картина и особенности течения, ключевые аспекты диагностики, в том числе, современные диагностические критерии, применительно к типичному и атипичному варианту СЛ. Рассмотрены принципы антибактериальной терапии, возможности антикоагулянтной терапии в случаях СЭп, связанных с тромбозом вен головы/шеи.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold><bold> </bold>СЛ представляет собой редкое, но клинически значимое заболевание, характеризующееся развитием септического тромбоза внутренних яремных вен при острых нагноительных процессах, локализующихся на голове и шее, вызванных в типичных случаях <italic>Fusobacterium</italic><italic> </italic><italic>necrophorum</italic><italic> </italic>или другими анаэробными микроорганизмами. Этот патологический процесс сопровождается множественными септическими эмбологенными последствиями, в первую очередь развитием СЭп. Клиническое наблюдение демонстрирует необходимость включения СЛ в круг дифференциального диагноза причин СЭп и мультидисциплинарного подхода к лечению таких пациентов в многопрофильном стационаре. Идентификация и диагностика СЛ может быть сложной из-за его редкости и разнообразия клинических проявлений. Заболевание недостаточно известно врачам, понимание основных принципов диагностики и лечения этого состояния может существенно повысить успешность терапии и улучшить прогноз у пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Lemierre’s syndrome</kwd><kwd>septic pulmonary embolism</kwd><kwd>pneumothorax</kwd><kwd>jugular vein thrombosis</kwd><kwd>brain abscess</kwd><kwd>complications of acute suppurative diseases of the head and neck</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синдром Лемьера</kwd><kwd>септическая эмбологенная пневмония</kwd><kwd>пневмоторакс</kwd><kwd>гидроторакс</kwd><kwd>тромбоз яремных вен</kwd><kwd>абсцесс мозга</kwd><kwd>осложнения острых нагноительных заболеваний головы и шеи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lemierre A. On certain septicaemia due to anaerobic organisms. Lancet 1936;227(5874):701–3. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)57035-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apostilidi K.G., Savchuk O.V., Epifanov S.A., Isaeva M.L. The forgotten syndrome of Lemierre. Vestnik N.I. Pirogova Nacional’nogo mediko-hirurgicheskogo centra = Bulletin of N.I. Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center 2019; 14(1):153–7. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25881/BPNMSC.2019.96.35.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Апостилиди К.Г., Савчук О.В., Епифанов С.А., Исаева М.Л. «Забытый» синдром Лемьера. Вестник Национального медико-хирургического центра им. Н.И. Пирогова 2019;14(1): 153–7. DOI: 10.25881/BPNMSC.2019.96.35.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Tiwari A. Lemierre’s Syndrome in the 21st Century: A literature review. Cureus 2023;15(8):e43685. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43685</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Courmont P., Cade A. Sur une septico-pyohemie de I’homme stimulant la peste et causee par un streptobacille anaerobie. Arch Med Exp Anat Pathol 1900;12(4):393–418.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Mosher H.P. Deep cervical abscess and thrombosis of the internal jugular vein. Laryngoscope 1920;30(6):365–75. DOI: 10.1288/00005537-192006000-00005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Shannon G.W., Ellis C.V., Stepp W.P. Oropharyngeal bacteroides melaninogenicus infection with septicemia: Lemierre’s syndrome. J Fam Pract 1983;16(1):159–60, 163, 166.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valerio L., Corsi G., Sebastian T., Barco S. Lemierre syndrome: current evidence and rationale of the bacteria-associated thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and Lemierre syndrome (BATTLE) registry. Thromb Res 2020;196:494–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valerio L., Corsi G., Sebastian T., Barco S. Lemierre syndrome: current evidence and rationale of the bacteria-associated thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and Lemierre syndrome (BATTLE) registry. Thromb Res 2020;196:494–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.10.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riordan T. Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis), with a focus on Lemierre’s syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20(4):622–59. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00011-07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riordan T. Human infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum (Necrobacillosis), with a focus on Lemierre’s syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20(4):622–59. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00011-07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Sinave C.P., Hardy G.J., Fardy P.W. The Lemierre syndrome – suppurative thrombophlebitis of internal jugular vein secondary to oropharyngeal infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989;68(2):85–94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Van Hoecke F., Lamont B., Van Leemput A., Vervaeke S. A Lemierre-like syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging disease. Infect Dis (Lond) 2020;52(3):143–51. DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1691255</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lee W.S., Jean S.S., Chen F.L. et al. Lemierre’s syndrome: a forgotten and re-emerging infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2020;53(4):513–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Righini C.A., Karkas A., Tourniaire R. et al. Lemierre syndrome: study of 11 cases and literature review. Head Neck 2014;36(7):1044–51. DOI:10.1002/hed.23410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ramirez S., Hild T.G., Rudolph C.N. et al. Increased diagnosis of Lemierre syndrome and other Fusobacterium necrophorum infections at a Children’s Hospital. Pediatrics 2003;112(5):e380. DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.5.e380.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Pokharel A., Basnet P., Sharma B., Thapa K. Lemierre Syndrome. A Forgotten Disease. Case report and review of literature. Int Med Case Rep J 2019;12:367–71. DOI: 10.2147/IMCRJ.S218895</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Nur Iyow S., Uzel M., Ibrahim I.G. et al. Lemierre Syndrome: incidental finding of forgotten fatal disease as a complication of Ludwig’s angina. Open Access Emerg Med 2023;15:259–63. DOI: 10.2147/OAEM.S408470</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Nygren D., Holm K. Invasive infections with Fusobacterium necrophorum including Lemierre’s syndrome: an 8-year Swedish Nationwide Retrospective Study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020;26(8):1089.e7–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.12.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hagelskjaer Kristensen L., Prag J. Lemierre’s syndrome and other disseminated Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in Denmark: a prospective epidemiological and clinical survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27(9):779–89. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-008-0496-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hagelskjaer L.H., Prag J., Malczynski J., Kristensen J.H. Incidence and clinical epidemiology of necrobacillosis, including Lemierre’s syndrome, in Denmark 1990–1995. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;17(8):561–5. DOI: 10.1007/BF01708619</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Valerio L., Zane F., Sacco C. et al. Patients with Lemierre syndrome have a high risk of new thromboembolic complications, clinical sequelae and death: an analysis of 712 cases. J Intern Med 2021;289(3):325–39. DOI: 10.1111/joim.13114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Root R.W., Barrett T.W., Abramo T.J. A 10-month-old with Lemierre syndrome complicated by purulent pericarditis. Am J Emerg Med 2013;31(1):274.e5–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.05.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Suzuki T., Kojima M., Nakamoto R. et al. A case of blindness caused by Lemierre’s syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2023;11(12):e8327. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Pleming W., Barco S., Voci D. et al. Cardiac and cerebral arterial complications of Lemierre syndrome: results from a Systematic Review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Hamostaseologie 2022;42(4):261–7. DOI: 10.1055/a-1694-8723</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kuppalli K., Livorsi D., Talati N.J., Osborn M. Lemierre’s syndrome due to Fusobacterium necrophorum. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12(10):808–15. DOI: 10.1-16/S1473-3099(12)70089-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Alifano M., Venissac N., Guillot F., Mouroux J. Lemierre’s syndrome with bilateral empyema thoracis. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69(3):930–1. DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)01404-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Smet K., Claus P.E., Alliet G. et al. Lemierre’s syndrome: a case study with a short review of literature. Acta Clin Belg 2019;74(3):206–10. DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2018.1474614</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Smet K., Claus P.E., Alliet G. et al. Lemierre’s syndrome: a case study with a short review of literature. Acta Clin Belg 2019;74(3):206–10. DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2018.1474614</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Lanfear A.T., Hamandi M., Fan J. et. al. Lemierre’s syndrome treated operatively. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2020;33(4):671–3. DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2020.1772011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Prasad R.M., Raziq F., Kemnic T., Abubaker A. Implantable Port Developing Septic Pulmonary Emboli and Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax. Am J Med Case Rep 2021;9(1):35–9. DOI: 10.12691/ajmcr-9-1-10</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ye R., Zhao L., Wang C. et al. Clinical characteristics of septic pulmonary embolism in adults: a systematic review. Respir Med 2014;108(1):1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сhipigina N.S., Karpova N.Yu., Vinokurov A.S. et al. Septic embologenic pneumonia – clinical and diagnostical features (review and own observations). Arkhiv vnutrennej meditciny = The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine 2023;13(4):272–81. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20514/2226-6704-2023-13-4-272-281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чипигина Н.С., Карпова Н.Ю., Винокуров А.С. и др. Септическая эмбологенная пневмония – особенности клиники и диагностики (обзор литературы и собственные наблюдения). Архивъ внутренней медицины 2023;13(4):272–81. DOI: 10.20514/2226-6704-2023-13-4-272-281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Jing J., Liang Q.L, Liu L.H. et al. Septic pulmonary embolism in China: clinical features and analysis of prognostic factors for mortality in 98 cases BMC Infect Dis 2019;19(1):1082. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4672-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Goswami U., Brenes J.A., Punjabi G.V. et al. Associations and outcomes of septic pulmonary embolism. Open Respir Med J 2014;8:28–33. DOI: 10.2174/1874306401408010028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Brenes J.A., Goswami U., Williams D.N. The association of septic thrombophlebitis withseptic pulmonary embolism in adults. Open Respir Med J 2012;6:14–9. DOI: 10.2174/1874306401206010014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Goldenberg N.A., Knapp-Clevenger R., Hays T., Manco-Johnson M.J. Lemierre’s and Lemierre’s-like syndromes in children: survival and thromboembolic outcomes. Pediatrics 2005;116(4):e543–8. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0433</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Sacco C., Zane F., Granziera S. et al. Lemierre Study Group. Lemierre syndrome: Clinical update and protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Hamostaseologie 2019;39(1):76–86. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1654720</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Venditto L., Ferrante G., Caccin A. et al. Lung abscess as a complication of Lemierre syndrome in adolescents: a single center case reports and review of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2023;49(1):96. DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01499-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Elhakeem I.A., Al Shokri S.D., Elzouki A.Y., Danjuma M.I. An unusual case of modified Lemierre’s syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus cellulitis. Am J Case Rep 2020;21:e916575. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.916575</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zamora Gonzalez R.A., Sarria J.C., Christians N.A., Baliss M. Lemierre’s syndrome due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2019;7:2324709619890967. DOI: 10.1177/2324709619890967</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kherabi Y., Chevrel G., Roux D., Federici L. Syndrome de Lemierre inversé: à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature [Gynecological Lemierre’s syndrome: A case report and literature review]. Rev Med Interne 2020;41(7):493–5. (In French.). DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.02.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kherabi Y., Chevrel G., Roux D., Federici L. Syndrome de Lemierre inversé: à propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature [Gynecological Lemierre’s syndrome: A case report and literature review]. Rev Med Interne 2020;41(7):493–5. (In French.). DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2020.02.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Ridgway J.M., Parikh D.A., Wright R. et al. Lemierre syndrome: a pediatric case series and review of literature. Am J Otolaryngol 2010;31(1):38–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2008.09.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Severiche-Bueno D.F., Insignares-Niño D.A., Severiche-Bueno D.F. et al. Lemierre’s syndrome by Bacillus circulans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Staphylococcus aureus with involvement of the internal and external jugular vein. Germs 2021;11(2):314–18. DOI: 10.18683/germs.2021.1267</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Chirinos J.A., Lichtstein D.M., Garcia J., Tamariz L.J. The evolution of Lemierre’s syndrome: report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002;81(6):458–65. DOI: 10.1097/00005792-200211000-00006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Johannesen K.M., Bodtger U. Lemierre’s syndrome: current perspectives on diagnosis and management. Infect Drug Resist 2016;9:221–7. DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S95050</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Chuncharunee A., Khawcharoenporn T. Lemierre’s syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in a diabetic patient: A case report and review of the literature. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2015;74(8):260–6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Chen T.A., Chuang Y.T., Lin H.Y., Chen C.H. Lemierre’s syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: a case report and literature review. Cureus 2023;15(8):e44434. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44434</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Holm K., Frick I.M., Björck L., Rasmussen M. Activation of the contact system at the surface of Fusobacterium necrophorum represents a possible virulence mechanism in Lemièrre’s syndrome. Infect Immun 2011;79(8):3284–90. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.05264-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Nygren D., Elf J., Torisson G., Holm K. Jugular vein thrombosis and anticoagulation therapy in Lemierre’s syndrome – A post hoc observational and population-based study of 82 patients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020;8(1):ofaa585. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa585</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Nygren D., Torisson G., Happonen L. et al. Proteomic characterization of plasma in Lemierre’s syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2024;124(5):432–40. DOI: 10.1055/a-2195-3927</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Holm K., Svensson P.J., Rasmussen M. Invasive Fusobacterium necrophorum infections and Lemièrre’s syndrome: the role of thrombophilia and EBV. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015;34(11):2199–207. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2469-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Malmberg S., Petrén S., Gunnarsson R. et al. Acute sore throat and Fusobacterium necrophorum in primary healthcare: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2021;11(6):e042816. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042816</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Gore M.R. Lemierre Syndrome: A meta-analysis. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;24(3):e379–85. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3402433</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Bahall M., Giddings S., Bahall K. Lemierre’s syndrome: forgotten, but not absent. BMJ Case Rep 2017;2017:bcr2017221203. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-221203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Bourgeaud J., Delabays B., Van den Bogaart L., Ratano D. Complex Lemierre syndrome with multisystemic abscesses. BMJ Case Rep 2023;16(4):e254638. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-254638</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Thurnheer T., Bensland S., Eick S. et al. Antibiotic resistance among Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Leptotrichia species of the oral cavity. Oral Health Prev Dent 2023;21(1):93–102. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.b4009553</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Cupit-Link M.C., Nageswara Rao A., Warad D.M., Rodriguez V. Lemierre Syndrome: a retrospective study of the role of anticoagulation and thrombosis outcomes. Acta Haematol 2017;137(2):59–65. DOI: 10.1159/000452855</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Stevens S.M., Woller S.C., Kreuziger L.B. et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: second update of the CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest 2021;160(6):e545–608. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.055.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
