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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">The Clinician</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Clinician</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиницист</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8338</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-8775</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">576</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8338-2023-17-4-K700</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Visual hallucinosis in patients with Parkinson’s disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Зрительный галлюциноз у пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5317-1052</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia Yurievna Nikitina</p><p>1 Build., 2/1 Barricadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Юрьевна Никитина</p><p>125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><email>i@petasya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-0691</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnikova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельникова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Build., 2/1 Barricadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-2714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshetova</surname><given-names>L. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошетова</surname><given-names>Л. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Build., 2/1 Barricadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-5923</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levin</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левин</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Build., 2/1 Barricadnaya St., Moscow 125993</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-29"><day>29</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-02-29"><day>29</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Nikitina A.Y., Melnikova N.V., Moshetova L.K., Levin O.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Никитина А.Ю., Мельникова Н.В., Мошетова Л.К., Левин О.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikitina A.Y., Melnikova N.V., Moshetova L.K., Levin O.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никитина А.Ю., Мельникова Н.В., Мошетова Л.К., Левин О.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/576">https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/576</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To determine the effect of visual impairment on the formation of visual hallucinosis.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. We studied 87 patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The average age of the patients was 65.16 ± 8.22 years. The patients underwent a comprehensive neurological and ophthalmological examination, including optical coherence tomography of the retina.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. The presence of visual hallucinosis was reported by 50.6 % of patients with PD. Extracampine hallucinations (ECH) are the most common. ECH was detected at all stages of PD and in patients with different forms of the disease and patients with ECH have no cognitive impairment. In patients with ECH, there was no decrease in visual acuity, impaired color perception, contrast sensitivity, as well as ophthalmic diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, etc. An important difference between patients with ECH and patients without ECH was a statistically significant thinning of the retinal layers. Complaints about the presence of illusions were detected in 18.4 % of patients with PD. According to the results of our study, patients with illusions were characterized by a marked decrease in visual acuity, impaired color perception and contrast sensitivity, and, apparently, the presence of illusions in patients with PD can be explained by impaired visual perception and amblyopia. According to the results of neuropsychological testing, patients with illusions have impaired visual-spatial functions. Visual hallucinationsis appeared in the late-stages of PD, patients over 65 years of age with mild cognitive impairment.</p><p><bold>Сonclusion</bold>. As a result of our study, it was revealed that the development of visual hallucinosis in patients with PD is associated not only with central (cortical) mechanisms, but the peripheral part of the visual analyzer is also of considerable importance, primarily retinal damage and loss of visual afferentation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – определение влияния нарушения зрения на формирование зрительного галлюциноза (ЗГ) при болезни Паркинсона (БП).</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. В исследование включены 87 пациентов с БП. Средний возраст составил 65,16 ± 8,22 года. Пациентам проведено комплексное неврологическое и офтальмологическое обследование, в том числе оптическая когерентная томография сетчатки.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. У 50,6 % пациентов с БП отмечался ЗГ. Наиболее часто встречались экстракампильные феномены (ЭКФ), причем на всех стадиях БП и у пациентов с разными формами заболевания. У пациентов с ЭКФ не выявлено снижения остроты зрения, цветовосприятия и контрастной чувствительности, а также когнитивных функций. Важным отличием пациентов с ЭКФ от пациентов без них было статистически значимое истончение слоев сетчатки. У 18,4 % пациентов с БП выявлены жалобы на иллюзии. По результатам нашего исследования у пациентов с иллюзиями было выраженное снижение остроты зрения, нарушение цветовосприятия и контрастной чувствительности. По всей видимости, наличие иллюзий у пациентов с БП может быть объяснено нарушением зрительного восприятия и амблиопией. По результатам нейропсихологического тестирования у пациентов с иллюзиями отмечается снижение в первую очередь зрительно-пространственных функций. Истинные зрительные галлюцинации характерны для поздних стадий БП, у пациентов старше 65 лет с наличием умеренных когнитивных нарушений.</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. В результате нашего исследования выявлено, что развитие ЗГ у пациентов с БП связано не только с центральными (корковыми) механизмами. Немалое значение имеют и периферический отдел зрительного анализатора, и, в первую очередь, поражение сетчатки и нарушение зрительной афферентации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Parkinson’s disease</kwd><kwd>neurodegenerative disease</kwd><kwd>extracampine hallucinations</kwd><kwd>illusions</kwd><kwd>visual hallucinations</kwd><kwd>visual hallucinosis</kwd><kwd>dorsal visual pathway</kwd><kwd>passage hallucinations</kwd><kwd>presence hallucinations</kwd><kwd>optical coherence tomography</kwd><kwd>visual analyzer</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>нейродегенеративное заболевание</kwd><kwd>экстракампильные феномены</kwd><kwd>иллюзии</kwd><kwd>зрительные галлюцинации</kwd><kwd>зрительный галлюциноз</kwd><kwd>феномен присутствия</kwd><kwd>феномен прохождения</kwd><kwd>дорзальный зрительный путь</kwd><kwd>оптическая когерентная томография</kwd><kwd>зрительный анализатор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Pagonabarraga J., Martinez-Horta S., de Bobadilla R.F. et al. 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