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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">The Clinician</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Clinician</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиницист</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8338</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-8775</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">427</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8338-2020-14-1-2-82-90</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Infective endocarditis: diagnostic difficulties</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инфекционный эндокардит: трудности диагностики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-0437</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chipigina</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чипигина</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталия Семеновна Чипигина</p><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><email>chipigina-natalia56@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7841-8966</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpova</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпова</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-4908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-0330</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savilov</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савилов</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1-2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Chipigina N.S., Karpova N.Y., Belova M.V., Savilov N.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Чипигина Н.С., Карпова Н.Ю., Белова М.В., Савилов Н.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chipigina N.S., Karpova N.Y., Belova M.V., Savilov N.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чипигина Н.С., Карпова Н.Ю., Белова М.В., Савилов Н.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/427">https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/427</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In recent decades, against the background of incidence rate increasing, infectious endocarditis (IE) remains in the category of diseases with a high mortality and a “difficult diagnosis”. According to different studies, 5.2–14.8 % of IE cases were detected only at autopsy or heart surgery, and 27–42.8 % of IE cases with fatal outcome were not diagnosed before death. In 25–66 % patients infectious endocarditis was diagnosed later than 1 month from the onset of symptoms (including later than 3 months in almost a quarter of patients). Late diagnosis, considered as one of the independent risk factors for an unfavorable prognosis of IE (relative risk 2.1), is most frequent with IE in elderly patients. The generally accepted diagnostic criteria of IE, providing a standardized approach to the diagnosis of IE, rely on laboratory and instrumental evidence of bacteremia and visualization of vegetations and signs of valve destruction, as major clinical diagnostic criteria. However, a diagnosis of IE is not suspected at an outpatient stage in 54–79 % of patients, so the necessary transthoracic echocardiographic examination and bacteriological blood tests are not performed. In 84 % cases of right heart valves IE and 27 % of left heart valves IE extracardiac manifestations of the disease due to cardiogenic emboli, immunocomplex mechanisms, or systemic inflammation were initially regarded as an independent disease and patients were hospitalized with incorrect diagnosis. Most often, such masks are associated with involvement of lungs, nervous system, and kidneys, less often rheumatological, vascular, hematological guise and the onset with myocardial infarction or acute abdominal pain are noted. The lecture analyzes the causes of IE diagnosis errors and describes clinical situations that allow suspecting IE, as well as situations in which IE must be considered with a differential diagnosis. Authors emphasize that timely clinical suspicion, with availability of modern effective heart imaging and bacteriological studies remains essential basis for early IE diagnosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последние десятилетия на фоне роста заболеваемости инфекционный эндокардит (ИЭ) остается в категории болезней с высокой летальностью и «трудным диагнозом». По разным данным, 5,2–14,8 % случаев ИЭ выявляют только при аутопсии или операциях на сердце, 27–42,8 % случаев ИЭ с летальным исходом не распознаются прижизненно. У 25–66 % больных ИЭ диагностируется более чем через 1 мес после появления симптомов (в том числе почти у 1 / 4 больных позднее 3 мес). Поздняя диагностика, которая рассматривается как один из независимых факторов риска неблагоприятного прогноза заболевания (относительный риск – 2,1), наиболее часта при ИЭ у пожилых больных. Общепризнанные диагностические критерии ИЭ, обеспечивающие стандартизованный подход к определению ИЭ, опираются на лабораторно-инструментальные доказательства бактериемии, визуализации свежих вегетаций и признаков деструкции клапана как большие клинические диагностические признаки. Однако на амбулаторном этапе у 54–79 % больных диагноз ИЭ не подозревают, и необходимые трансторакальное эхокардиографическое и бактериологическое исследования крови не проводят. В 84 % случаев ИЭ правых отделов и в 27 % случаев ИЭ левых отделов сердца при госпитализации больных внесердечные проявления заболевания, обусловленные кардиогенными эмболиями, иммунокомплексными механизмами или системным воспалением, ошибочно расцениваются как самостоятельное заболевание. Чаще всего такие «маски» соотносятся с поражением легких, нервной системы, почек, реже отмечаются ревматологическая, сосудистая, гематологическая «маски» и дебюты ИЭ с проявлениями инфаркта миокарда или острого живота. В лекции проанализированы причины ошибок диагностики ИЭ, выделены клинические ситуации, позволяющие заподозрить ИЭ, а также случаи, при которых ИЭ следует рассматривать при дифференциальном диагнозе. Подчеркнуто, что основой ранней диагностики ИЭ остается своевременное клиническое подозрение при условии доступности современных эффективных визуализирующих и бактериологических исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infectious endocarditis</kwd><kwd>infectious endocarditis diagnosis</kwd><kwd>infectious endocarditis diagnostic errors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекционный эндокардит</kwd><kwd>диагностика инфекционного эндокардита</kwd><kwd>ошибки диагностики инфекционного эндокардита</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tyurin V.P. Infectious endocarditis. Edited by academician of RAMS Yu.L. Shevchenko. 2 nd ed. 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