<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">The Clinician</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Clinician</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиницист</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1818-8338</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-8775</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">404</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1818-8338-2019-13-3-4-15-21</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Rational approach to nutrition for patients with gout</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рационально-обоснованный подход к питанию у больных подагрой</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3757-058X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow 117997</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маргарита Александровна Громова.</p><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><email>margarita-gromov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-3704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsurko</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цурко</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1 Ostrovitianov St., Moscow 117997</p><p>8 Build 2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>117997 Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p><p>119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7577-5933</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melekhina</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мелехина</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34 Build 14, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, Moscow 121170</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>121170 Москва, Кутузовский проспект, 34, стр. 14</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н. И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Psychoanalysis</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НОЧУ ВО «Московский институт психоанализа»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3-4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-30"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-01-30"><day>30</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Gromova M.A., Tsurko V.V., Melekhina A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Громова М.А., Цурко В.В., Мелехина А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gromova M.A., Tsurko V.V., Melekhina A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Громова М.А., Цурко В.В., Мелехина А.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/404">https://klinitsist.abvpress.ru/Klin/article/view/404</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Gout is a complex multifactorial disease associated with the deposition of crystals of sodium monourate in various tissues of the body and the emergence, in this regard, of chronic hyperuricemia, which is clinically manifested by acute recurrent arthritis and the formation of gouty nodes – tofus. Methods of treating gout can be divided into two groups: lifestyle modification / change in eating habits and pharmacotherapy. But, before drugs appeared, diet was the only way to treat the disease. Since ancient times, gout has been associated with excessive nutrition and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. In the Middle Ages, gout was often called the “disease of the kings”, explaining this, firstly, by constant plentiful meals without any measure, and therefore the kidneys of the “abusers” could not cope with the removal of a huge concentration of uric acid. And secondly, the high prevalence of this disease among male aristocrats. Ordinary people ate on a limited basis and could not afford food rich in purines, so they fell ill less often. However, in the last decade, wider knowledge has been gained about dietary factors associated with hyperuricemia and gout. Obesity, excessive consumption of red meat and excess alcohol have already been recognized as causative factors. Legumes and purine-rich vegetables have been justified after numerous studies. New risk factors have been described, such as fructose and sweetened drinks. Finally, protective factors such as low fat dairy products have been studied. Patients with gout are forced to follow a diet throughout their lives, and not only during periods of exacerbation, but now it has become easier to adhere to it, since the diet allowed for food has expanded significantly. Although most of the prerequisites for dietary recommendations have been assigned ratings of medium / low or very low quality, this article will provide the basis for changes in eating habits in patients with hyperuricemia and gout in accordance with large international studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Подагра – сложное многофакторное заболевание, связанное с отложением кристаллов моноурата натрия в различных тканях организма и возникновением в связи с этим хронической гиперурикемии, что клинически проявляется острым рецидивирующим артритом и образованием подагрических узлов – тофусов. Способы лечения подагры можно разделить на 2 группы: модификация образа жизни / изменение пищевых привычек и фармакотерапия. Но до появления лекарственных препаратов диета являлась единственным способом лечения заболевания. С древних времен возникновение подагры связывали с чрезмерным питанием и избыточным употреблением алкогольных напитков. Во времена средневековья подагру часто называли «болезнью королей», объясняя это, во-первых, постоянными обильными трапезами безо всякой меры, в связи с чем почки у «злоупотребляющих» не справлялись с выведением огромной концентрации мочевой кислоты, и, во-вторых, большой распространенностью этого заболевания среди мужчин-аристократов. Простые же люди питались ограниченно и не могли себе позволить пищу, богатую пуринами, поэтому заболевали реже. В последнее десятилетие получены более широкие знания о диетических факторах, ассоциированных с гиперурикемией и подагрой. Ожирение, чрезмерное потребление красного мяса и избыток алкоголя были признаны причинными факторами гиперурикемии. После многочисленных исследований разрешено употребление бобовых и богатых пуринами овощей. В последние годы описаны новые факторы риска гиперурикемии, такие как фруктоза и подслащенные напитки. Наконец, изучены защитные факторы – молочные продукты низкой жирности. Больные подагрой вынуждены соблюдать диету на протяжении всей жизни, а не только в периоды обострений, но сейчас придерживаться ее стало проще, так как список разрешенных к употреблению продуктов питания значительно расширился. Хотя большинству предпосылок для диетологических рекомендаций были присвоены рейтинги среднего / низкого или очень низкого качества, в данной статье будут предоставлены основания для изменений пищевых привычек у пациентов с гиперурикемией и подагрой в соответствии с крупными международными исследованиями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gout</kwd><kwd>sodium monourate</kwd><kwd>uric acid</kwd><kwd>hyperuricemia</kwd><kwd>recommendations</kwd><kwd>diet</kwd><kwd>lifestyle</kwd><kwd>food</kwd><kwd>restrictions</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>подагра</kwd><kwd>моноурат натрия</kwd><kwd>мочевая кислота</kwd><kwd>гиперурикемия</kwd><kwd>рекомендации</kwd><kwd>диета</kwd><kwd>образ жизни</kwd><kwd>продукты питания</kwd><kwd>ограничения</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Richette P., Bardin T. Gout. Lancet 2010;375(9711):318–28. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Nuki G., Simkin P.A. A concise history of gout and hyperuricemia and their treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(Suppl. 1). DOI: 10.1186/ar1906.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Garrod A.B. On gout and rheumatism. The differential diagnosis, and the nature of the so-called rheumatic gout. Med Chir Trans 1854;37(1):181–220. DOI: 10.1177/095952875403700114.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ebstein W. On the Regimen to be adopted in Gout. J Ment Sci 1886;32(138):255–6. DOI:10.1192/bjp.32.138.255.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ebstein W. The nature and treatment of gout. BMJ 1846;Suppl. 1–10:114. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.s1-10.10.114.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Guyatt G., Cairns J., Churchill D. Evidence-based medicine. A new approach toteaching the practice of medicine. JAMA 1992;268(17):2420–5. DOI: 10.1001/jama.1992.03490170092032.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Shekelle P.G., Woolf S.H., Eccles M., Grimshaw J. Developing guidelines. BMJ 1999;318(7183):593–6. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.318.7183.593.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Nielsen S.M., Zobbe K., Kristensen L.E., Christensen R. Nutritional recommendations for gout: An update from clinical epidemiology. Autoimmun Rev 2018;17(11):1090–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.05.008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Richette P., Doherty M., Pascual E. et al. 2016 updated EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2017;76(1):29–42. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209707.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Qaseem A., Harris R.P., Forciea M.A. Management of acute and recurrent gout: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2017;166(1):58–68. DOI: 10.7326/m16-0570.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Multidisciplinary expert task force оn hyperuricemia and related diseases. Chinese multidisciplinary expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of hyperuricemia and related diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130(20):2473–88. DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.216416.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Hui M., Carr A., Cameron S. et al. The British Society for Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Gout. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017;56(7):1–20. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex156.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Kiltz U., Alten R., Fleck M. et al. Full version of the S2e guidelines on gouty arthritis: Evidence-based guidelines of the German Society of Rheumatology (DGRh). Z Rheumatol 2016;75(Suppl. 2):11–60. DOI: 10.1007/s00393-016-0147-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Sautner J., Eichbauer-Sturm G., Gruber J. et al. Austrian nutrition and lifestyle recommendations for gout and hyperuricemia. Z Rheumatol 2015;74(7):631–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00393-015-1580-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Graf S.W., Whittle S.L., Wechalekar M.D. et al. Australian and New Zealand recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout integrating systematic literature review and expert opinion in the 3e Initiative. Int J Rheum Dis 2015;18(3):341–51. DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12557.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Sivera F., Andres M., Carmona L. et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout: integrating systematic literature review and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e initiative. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73(2):328–35. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Sautner J., Gruber J., Herold M. et al. Austrian 3e-recommendations for diagnosis and management of gout 2013. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2014;126(3–4):79–89. DOI: 10.1007/s00508-013-0469-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Araújo F., Cordeiro I., Teixeira F. et al. Portuguese recommendations for the diagnosis and management of gout. Acta Reumatol Port 2014;39(2):158–71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>SER. Clinical practice guidelines for management of gout. Madrid. Spain: SpanishSociety of Rheumatology SER 2013. Available at: http://content. guidelinecentral.com/guideline/get/pdf/2948.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Manara M., Bortoluzzi A., Favero M. et al. Italian Society of Rheumatology recommendations for the management of gout. Reumatismo 2013;65(1):4–21. DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2013.4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Engel B., Prautzsch H. Haufige gichtanfalle und chronische gicht in derhausarztlichen versorgung. DEGAM www.degam-leitlinien.de: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin 2013. Available at: https://www.degam.de/degamleitlinien-379.html.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Bliddal H., Leeds A.R., Christensen R. Osteoarthritis, obesity and weight loss: evidence, hypotheses and horizons a scoping review. Obes Rev 2014;15(7): 578–86. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12173.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Yamanaka H. Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2011;30(12):1018–29. DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.596496.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Woutersen-Koch H., Wiersma T., Janssens HJEM en and. Samenvatting van de standaard “Artritis” van het nederlands huisartsen genootschap. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2009;153.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ministry of Health Malaysia. Management of Gout. CPG Secretariat, Health Technology Assessment Section, Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya. 2008. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1010539509359535.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009;151(4):264–9. DOI: 10.7326/00034819-151-4-200908180-00135.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsurko V.V., Gromova M.A. General principles and guidelines for the management and treatment of patients with gout on the basis of updated European recommendations. Consilium Medicum 2017;19(12):20–4. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цурко В.В., Громова М.А. Общие принципы и основные рекомендации по ведению и лечению пациентов с подагрой по материалам обновленных европейских рекомендаций. Consilium Medicum 2017;19(12):20–4. DOI: 10.26442/2075-1753_19.12.20-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Khanna D., Fitzgerald J.D., Khanna P.P. et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: Systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64(10): 1431–46. DOI: 10.1002/acr.21772.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K. A prescription for lifestyle change in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010;22(2):165–72. DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e328335ef38.30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kalergis М., Leung Yinko S.S., Nedelcu R. Dairy products and prevention of type 2 diabetes: implications for research and practice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013;4:90. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00090.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K., Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;336(7639):309–12. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.be.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Jordan K.M., Cameron J.S., Snaith M. et al. British Society for Rheumatology and British Health Professionals in Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(8):1372–4. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kem056a.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Clifford A.J., Riumallo J.A., Young V.R., Scrimshaw N.S. Effect of oral purines on serum and urinary uric acid of normal, hyperuricemic and gouty humans. J Nutr 1976;106:428–34. DOI: 10.1093/jn/106.3.428.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Zöllner N., Griebsch A. Diet and gout. Adv Exp Med Biol 1974;41:435–42. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1433-3_8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K., Atkinson K., Karlson E.W. et al. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med 2004;350(11):1093–103. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa035700.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K., Liu S., Curhan G. Intake of purine-rich foods, protein, and dairy products and relationship to serum levels of uric acid: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(1):283–9. DOI: 10.1002/art.20761.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zgaga L., Theodoratou E., Kyle J. et al. The association of dietary intake of purine-rich vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages and dairy with plasma urate, in a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2012;7(6):38123. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038123.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Fam A.G. Strategies and controversies in the treatment of gout and hyperuricaemia. Baillière’s Clinical Rheumatology 1990;4(2):177–92. DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80016-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K., Atkinson K., Karlson E.W. et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet 2004;363(9417):1277–81. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16000-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y., Woods R., Chaisson C.E. et al. Alcohol consumption as a trigger of recurrent gout attacks. Am J Med 2006;119(9):800.е13–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.01.020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K., Curhan G. Beer, liquor, and wine consumption and serum uric acid level: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Care Res 2004;51(6):1023–9. DOI: 10.1002/art.20821.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Bhole V., de Vera M., Rahman M.M. et al. Epidemiology of gout in women: Fiftytwo-year followup of a prospective cohort. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(4):1069–76. DOI: 10.1002/art.27338.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Chandratre P., Mallen C.D., Roddy E. еt al. “You want to get on withthe rest of your life”: a qualitative study of health-related quality of life in gout. Clin Rheumatol 2016;35(5):1197–205. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3039-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Dalbeth N., Merriman T.R., Stamp L.K. Gout. Lancet 2016;388(10055):2039–52. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00346-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Kaneko K., Aoyagi Y., Fukuuchi T. et al. Total purine and purine base content of common foodstuffs for facilitating nutritional therapy for gout and hyperuricemia. Biol Pharm Bull 2014;37(5):709–21. DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00967.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Eckel R.H., Jakicic J.M., Ard J.D. et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2014; 129(25 Suppl. 2):76–99. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437740.48606.d1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>De Vera M.A., Marcotte G., Rai S. et al. Medication adherence in gout: a systematic review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2014;66(10):1551–9. DOI: 10.1002/acr.22336.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Schumacher H.R., Taylor W., Edwards L. et al. Outcome domains for studies of acute and chronic gout. J Rheumatol 2009;36(10):2342–5. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.090370.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Yin R., Li L., Zhang G. et al. Rate of adherence to urate-lowering therapy among patients with gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2018;8(4):017542. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017542.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Sheng F., Fang W., Zhang B. et al. Adherence to gout management recommendations of Chinese patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(45):8532. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008532.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
